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| Chapter four - Mark, the First Gospel |
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The date of the writing of Mark was about 70 A.D. There is not even a hint of the existence of a sacred text in the book of Acts or any of Paul's epistles. The only scripture the church had was the Jewish sacred texts of the Old Testament. We must therefore conclude that, at its earliest, the first gospel appeared after the death of Paul. If it had been available, it surely would have been mentioned by Paul and read in the churches. The very fact that it is not mentioned, lends support to the late date of Mark's gospel. Mark was certainly written after the life of Paul, perhaps a decade after Paul or about the time of the Roman destruction of Jerusalem- As Mark's Gospel is the first written story of Jesus, it will most likely be the purest and least subject to interference. There are, however, different ancient versions of the Gospels which means that there have been alterations and additions even in Mark.
Mark starts his story with John the Baptist and the baptism of Jesus. There is no mention of a genealogy of Jesus; or the virgin birth: nor the visit of the wise men from the East: nothing recorded about the massacre of young children by Herod or the escape to Egypt and return by Joseph and his family. But all these stories are found in Matthew's gospel. In Luke we have a different set of early life stories of Jesus which have no relationship to Matthew's stories. Luke tells us that the angel Gabriel visited Mary and told her that she would conceive by the Holy Spirit. Mary then visits her relative Elizabeth the mother of John the Baptist; Zechariah, a local priest, prophesies about Jesus telling us that he would rescue the nation from their enemies;
the shepherds visit the child in the manger and the boy Jesus is delayed in the Temple.
Luke also gives a genealogy in which the father of Joseph is Heli, whereas Matthew tells us Jacob is the father of Joseph. Neither genealogy stands up to scrutiny. Why give a genealogy of Heli or Joseph if Jesus was divine and did not have a human father? Was the idea of a divine conception thought of after Mark's gospel was written? Mark did not seem to know anything about it.
We can however, learn a good deal by a careful examination of the New Testament itself.
Matthew follows Mark's stories in his own words and elaborates on them but does not contradict the main statements as presented by Mark. Matthew follows the first group of five stories from Mark in the same sequence. Mark chapter one equals Matthew three and four. Then Matthew records the Beatitudes and some of his own stories before continuing from Mark scattering in his own stories.
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Mark |
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First group of 5 |
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Matthew |
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1:1 |
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John the Baptist |
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3:1 |
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1:9 |
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Baptism of Jesus |
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3:13 |
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1:12 |
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Temptation of Jesus |
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4:1 |
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1:14 |
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Beginning of Ministry |
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4:12 |
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1:16 |
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Jesus calls first disciples |
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4:18 |
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Second group of 14 |
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6:1 |
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Death of John the Baptist |
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14:1 |
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6:30 |
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Feeding of five thousand |
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14:13 |
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6:45 |
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Jesus walks on water |
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14:22 |
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6:53 |
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Jesus heals at Gennesuret |
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14:34 |
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7:1 |
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Tradition of the elders |
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15:1 |
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7:15 |
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Things that defile |
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15:10 |
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7:24 |
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Gentile woman's faith |
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15:21 |
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7:31 |
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Jesus cures at Galilee |
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15:29 |
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8:1 |
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Feeding four thousand |
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15:32 |
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8:11 |
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Demand for a sign |
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16:1 |
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8:14 |
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The yeast of the Pharisees |
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16:5 |
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8:27 |
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Peter declares Jesus |
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16:13 |
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8:31 |
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Jesus foretells his death |
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16:21 |
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9:2 |
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The transfiguration |
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17:1 |
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Matthew retells Mark's stories in his own words enlarging or reducing Mark's work but preserving the same sequence as Mark. This is followed by a few more of Matthew's own stories scattered among Mark's stories. The sequence happens again from Mark 14 and 15. There are another eleven sequential incidents recorded in Mark which are copied by Matthew 26:1 to 27:1 in the same sequence as Mark. Then there are additional stories by Matthew mixed up among further stories from Mark. I can almost see Matthew with a copy of the Gospel of Mark at his left hand and a quill pen in his right hand, writing his commentary from Mark. The fact that the stories in Matthew appear in the same sequence as Mark in at least three groups of occasions is evidence that Matthew read Mark and that Mark was written before Matthew. It would not be possible for these incidents to follow the same sequence accidentally from stories passed by word of mouth among the church members. Therefore they must have been copied and altered by Matthew from Mark's account.
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Mark |
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Third group of 11 |
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Matthew |
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14:1 |
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Plot to kill Jesus |
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26:1 |
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14:6 |
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The anointing |
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26:6 |
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14:10 |
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Judas agrees to betray |
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26:14 |
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14:12 |
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The passover |
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26:17 |
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14:22 |
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Institution Lord's Supper |
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26:26 |
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14:26 |
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Peter's denial foretold |
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26:31 |
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14:32 |
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Jesus in Gethsemane |
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26:36 |
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14:43 |
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The arrest of Jesus |
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26:47 |
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14:53 |
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Jesus and High Priest |
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26:57 |
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14:66 |
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Peter denies Jesus |
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26:69 |
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15:1 |
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Jesus before Pilate |
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27:1 |
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Luke has twelve pre-adult stories of Jesus, all different from Matthew's stories and totally unrelated. Then the same thing occurs with Luke as in Matthew. Fourteen stories from Mark 11:27 to 14:1 are all recorded in Luke 20:1 to 22:1 in the sequence that Mark has recorded them with one exception. They are followed by a scattering of Luke's own stories. The evidence of several sequences convinces one that both Matthew and Luke read and copied Mark but most likely neither of them read the other's work.
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Mark |
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14 stories |
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Luke |
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11:27 |
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Authority Questioned |
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20:1 |
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12:1 |
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Wicked Tenants |
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20:9 |
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12:13 |
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Paying Taxes |
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20:20 |
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12:18 |
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Question of Resurrection |
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20:27 |
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12:28 |
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First Commandment |
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12:34 |
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Question David's Son |
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20:41 |
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12:38 |
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Jesus Denounces Scribes |
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20:45 |
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12:41 |
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Widow's Offering |
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21:1 |
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13:1 |
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Destruction of Temple |
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21:5 |
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13:9 |
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Persecution Foretold |
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21:7 |
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13:14 |
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Desolation, Sacrilege |
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21:20 |
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13:24 |
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Coming of Son of Man |
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21:25 |
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13:28 |
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Lesson of fig tree |
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21:29 |
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13:32 |
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Need for Watchfulness |
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21:34 |
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14:1 |
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Plot to kill Jesus |
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22:1 |
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The question is, how factually reliable are the gospels? The acts and words of Jesus had to be passed from one person to another for thirty or more years before they were written into a sacred text. Those stories must end up with serious alterations to the original words of Jesus. Indeed it would be impossible for verbal stories not to be changed throughout the years. The fact that additional words and details have been added and sometimes deleted from Mark's account shows that accuracy has been lost. There would have been many stories of Jesus often told among the people. Matthew and Luke have stories of the early life of Jesus. Did someone imagine them or did someone dream the stories at night and regard the dream as a message from God? We have no indication, in history or in the New Testament, that there were written stories of Jesus before Mark's gospel. Church members obviously could not continue to rely on oral and sometimes conflicting stories to preserve the sayings of Jesus. It became necessary to have a written record. But that was a long time in coming and the church had changed a great deal in philosophy and organisation before an official scripture appeared.
It was not until 367 A.D. that Bishop Athanasius of Alexandria sorted through documents and arbitrarily discarded or accepted those he thought should be included in his New Testament list. That list was ratified by the Church council at Hippo in 393 A.D., over 300 years after Paul wrote his Epistles and the Gospels were written. It is impossible to know how accurately the words of Jesus were carried forward and finally recorded by Mark thirty to forty years after the crucifixion. It is also impossible to know what was in the original Mark. One wonders what were the documents Bishop Athanasius discarded- Were they the Gnostic texts we now call the Apocryphal writings, the Gospel of Thomas and others? Were there some which would have shed more light on the life and sayings of Jesus? What was the criterion that determined his choice? Was he committed to Paul's doctrine? By that time there was established a hierarchy of power and influence within the church that would not be easy to change.
There is no proof in historical records that Jesus existed at all. Not even a grave to mark his death. Many have tried to find the historical Jesus and have failed- It has been suggested by some that a mythical story of the perfect man was written and eventually the story became accepted as history. From then on the story has been modified over and over again to comply with the changing religious doctrine. This is similar to the English legend of King Arthur's round table which has no reliable evidence in history.
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